Yin Taswirar Zazzagewar Ƙasa Daga Nesa Ta Amfani da Na'urar Auna Nisa da Binocular da GPS

Table of Contents

1. Gabatarwa

Taswirorin lissafin zazzagewar ƙasa da aka dogara da su suna da muhimmanci ga nazarin yanayin ƙasa, kimanta haɗari, da sarrafa haɗari. Hanyoyin taswira na gargajiya, waɗanda suka haɗa da binciken fili kai tsaye da fassarar hotunan sama, galibi suna ɗaukar lokaci, suna da wahala, kuma suna iya zama haɗari a cikin ƙasa marar kwanciyar hankali. Wannan takarda ta gabatar da gwajin fili da ke kimanta sabon tsarin da ya haɗa da binocular mai auna nisa mai inganci, mai karɓar GPS, da kwamfutar hannu mai ƙarfi (Tablet PC) mai gudanar da software na GIS don yin taswirar zazzagewar ƙasa da ruwan sama ya haifar kwanan nan daga nesa. Babban manufar ita ce a kimanta ko wannan fasaha za ta iya sauƙaƙa yin taswirar zazzagewar ƙasa cikin sauri, lafiya, kuma daidai daidai da hanyoyin gargajiya.

2. Hanyoyi & Tsarin Gwaji

2.1. Kayan Aiki

Tsarin ginshiƙi ya ƙunshi sassa uku masu haɗin kai:

• Vectronix VECTOR IV Rangefinder Binocular: An yi amfani da shi don auna nisa da alkiblar abubuwan zazzagewar ƙasa daga nesa.
• Leica Geosystems ATX1230 GG GPS/GLONASS Receiver: Ya ba da ingantaccen wurin wurin mai aikin.
• Kwamfutar Hannu Mai Ƙarfi (Rugged Tablet PC) tare da ESRI ArcGIS & Leica Mobilematrix: Ya zama dandalin haɗa bayanai da yin taswira, yana ba da damar tattara bayanan GIS cikin sauri.

Tsarin ya lissafta ma'auni na kusurwoyin zazzagewar ƙasa ta amfani da wurin GPS na mai aikin, nisan da aka auna ($d$), da alkibla ($\alpha$) daga na'urar auna nisa.

2.2. Yankin Bincike & Tsarin Gwaji

An gudanar da gwajin a yankin Monte Castello di Vibio (Umbria, Tsakiyar Italiya), yanki mai girman 21 km² mai tsaunuka da ke da saukin kamuwa da zazzagewar ƙasa a cikin duwatsun da suka lalace. An sake yin taswirar zazzagewar ƙasa goma sha uku da aka yi taswira a baya ta amfani da sabon tsarin daga nesa. Don tabbatarwa, an kuma yi taswirar zazzagewar ƙasa huɗu ta hanyar tafiyar da mai karɓar GPS a kewayen kewayensu (hanyar "tafi GPS"). An kwatanta waɗannan sakamakon da taswirorin bincike na gani na farko.

3. Sakamako & Bincike

3.1. Kwatanta Hanyoyin Taswira

Tsarin yin taswira daga nesa ya samar da iyakokin zazzagewar ƙasa waɗanda suke daidai da waɗanda aka samu ta hanyar tafi GPS a fannin yanki. An gano cewa duka hanyoyin biyu sun fi taswirar bincike na gani na farko, wanda ba shi da ingantaccen wurin wuri. Hanyar daga nesa ta yi nasarar ɗaukar muhimmin siffar lalacewar gangara.

3.2. Kimanta Daidaito da Ingantacciyar Aiki

Duk da yake ba a cika bayyana cikakken kimantawar daidaito na ƙididdiga (misali, lissafin kuskuren tushen murabba'i) a cikin abin da aka samo ba, marubutan sun kammala cewa tsarin yana da inganci don yin taswirar zazzagewar ƙasa na kwanan nan. Babban fa'idar ita ce aiki: yana ba da damar yin taswira daga wurare masu aminci da kwanciyar hankali, yana rage lokaci da haɗarin da ke tattare da ketare ƙasar zazzagewar ƙasa marar kwanciyar hankali. An sanya shi a matsayin kayan aiki don saurin bincike da yin lissafin taswira a kan manyan yankuna.

4. Cikakkun Bayanai na Fasaha & Tsarin Lissafi

Babban lissafin yanki ya haɗa da tantance ma'auni na wurin da ake nufi (kusurwar zazzagewar ƙasa) daga sanannen wurin mai kallo. Dabarar da aka yi amfani da ita ta dogara ne akan warware matsalar yanki ta kai tsaye:

Idan aka ba da ma'auni na mai kallo (latitude $\phi_o$, longitude $\lambda_o$, tsayin ellipsoidal $h_o$), nisan gangara da aka auna $d$, alkibla $\alpha$, da kusurwar tsaye (ko nisan zenith $z$), ana lissafta ma'auni na wurin da ake nufi ($\phi_t$, $\lambda_t$, $h_t$). A cikin sauƙaƙan kusantar tsarin jirgin sama don gajerun nisa, ana iya bayyana haka kamar haka:

$\Delta N = d \cdot \cos(\alpha) \cdot \sin(z)$

$\Delta E = d \cdot \sin(\alpha) \cdot \sin(z)$

$\Delta h = d \cdot \cos(z)$

Inda $\Delta N, \Delta E, \Delta h$ su ne bambance-bambancen arewa, gabas, da tsayi dangane da mai kallo. Ma'auni na abin da ake nufi sannan su ne: $Easting_t = Easting_o + \Delta E$, $Northing_t = Northing_o + \Delta N$, $h_t = h_o + \Delta h$. A aikace, software na GIS/GPS na musamman yana yin wannan lissafin ta amfani da ingantattun samfuran yanki (misali, ellipsoid na WGS84).

5. Sakamako & Bayanin Jadawali

Hoto na 1 (An ambata a cikin PDF): Wannan hoton (ba a cika sake yin shi a nan ba) zai kasance yana nuna hotuna ko tsarin kayan aiki guda uku masu mahimmanci: binocular na Vectronix VECTOR IV, mai karɓar GPS na Leica, da kwamfutar hannu mai ƙarfi (Tablet PC). Manufarsa ita ce samar da tunani na gani ga tsarin fili mai haɗin kai, yana nuna sauƙin ɗauka da haɗin kai tsakanin aunawa (binocular), sanya wuri (GPS), da rubuta bayanai/gani (Kwamfutar Hannu tare da GIS).

Binciken Kwatancen da Ake Nufi: Sakamakon rubutu yana nuna jadawalin ra'ayi wanda ke kwatanta hanyoyin uku a kan ginshiƙai kamar "Daidaiton Wuri," "Saurin Tattara Bayanai," "Amincin Fili," da "Kuɗin Aiki." Hanyar laser/GPS daga nesa za ta yi maki sosai akan aminci da sauri don bincike na farko, tare da daidaito yana kusantar "ma'auni na zinariya" na tafi GPS don yin taswirar kewayen, yayin da binciken gani zai kasance ƙasa a cikin daidaito da maimaitawa.

6. Tsarin Bincike: Misalin Lamari

Yanayi: Saurin lissafin zazzagewar ƙasa bayan ruwan sama a yankin tsaunuka mai girman 50 km².

Aikace-aikacen Tsarin:

1. Tsarawa & Bincike: Yi amfani da hotunan tauraron dan adam kafin abin da ya faru (misali, Sentinel-2) don gano yankuna masu saukin kamuwa ko rikicewar gani.
2. Yakin Taswira Daga Nesa: Tura tsarin laser/GPS zuwa tsaunuka masu isa ko hanyoyi da ke kallon kwaruruka da ake nufi. Daga kowane wurin gani:
   • Kafa ingantaccen wurin GPS.
   • Bincika gangarori da binocular don gano sabbin tabo na zazzagewar ƙasa, hanyoyin tarkace, da ajiyar ƙafar.
   • Ga kowane fasalin da aka gano, yi amfani da na'urar auna nisa don alamar mahimman kusurwoyi (misali, kambin kan kai, gefuna, ƙafar). Software na GIS yana zana waɗannan maki cikin sauri, yana samar da polygon.
   • Ana shigar da bayanan sifa (nau'i, matakin amincewa) ta hanyar kwamfutar hannu (tablet).
3. Haɗa Bayanai & Tabbatarwa: Haɗa duk polygons ɗin da aka tattara zuwa Layer ɗaya na GIS. Zaɓi wani ɓangare na manyan zazzagewar ƙasa ko masu mahimmanci don tabbatarwa ta hanyar:
   a) Binciken Tafi GPS (idan lafiya).
   b) Photogrammetry na jirgin mara matuki (Drone) don samar da Samfurin Tsayin Duniya (DEM) mai inganci da hoto madaidaici don yin lamba daidai.
4. Bincike: Lissafta ƙididdiga na asali na lissafi (lamba, yawa, jimillar yanki) da kwatanta su da bayanan tarihi don kimanta girman abin da ya faru.

7. Babban Fahimta & Bincike Mai Zurfi

Babban Fahimta: Wannan aikin ba game da ci gaban fasaha ba ne, amma dabarar aikin fili mai amfani. Yana sake amfani da kayan aikin bincike masu inganci (na'urar auna nisa ta laser, GPS na yanki) don takamaiman matsala mai rikitarwa - saurin lissafin zazzagewar ƙasa - inda hanyoyin gargajiya suka kasa aminci da sauri. Ainihin sabon abu shine haɗin tsarin da tabbatar da ra'ayi don "tsayawa" binciken yanayin ƙasa.

Tsarin Hankali: Hankalin marubutan yana da inganci amma mai tsauri. Sun gano matsala (taswira mai haɗari, jinkiri), sun ba da shawarar mafita ta taimakon fasaha, sun gwada shi a cikin yanayi mai sarrafawa a kan tushe (tafi GPS), kuma sun gano yana aiki. Tsarin shine ilimin ƙasa mai amfani na gargajiya. Duk da haka, ya tsaya kafin cikakken bincike na kuskure na ƙididdiga wanda ake tsammani a cikin mujallar da ta fi mayar da hankali kan aunawa, wanda ke da damar da aka rasa don ƙarfafa gudummawar fasaha.

Ƙarfi & Kurakurai:

• Ƙarfi: Tabbatar da ribar aminci da ingantacciyar aiki. Tsarin yana da ƙarfi, yana amfani da kayan aikin kasuwanci (COTS). Yana cike da rami tsakanin binciken ƙasa mai haɗari da tsada, dogaro da yanayi na binciken sama/tauraron dan adam daga nesa (kamar InSAR ko LiDAR, kamar yadda aka tattauna a cikin ayyukan USGS ko a cikin mujallu kamar Remote Sensing of Environment).
• Kurakurai: Ƙayyadaddun "ganin layi" yana lalata a cikin ciyayi masu yawa ko yanayin yanki mai rikitarwa - babban aibi don amfani da duniya. Kuɗin kayan aikin (Vectronix, Leica) yana da tsada don yaduwa a cikin ƙasashe masu tasowa, inda haɗarin zazzagewar ƙasa yawanci ya fi girma. Binciken ba shi da binciken fa'ida da tsada idan aka kwatanta da sabon photogrammetry na jirgin mara matuki (drone), wanda zai iya cimma irin wannan aminci da cikakken bayani.

Fahimta Mai Aiki:

1. Ga Masu Aiki: Wannan tsarin shine zaɓi mai yuwuwa ga ƙungiyoyin amsa cikin sauri a cikin yankuna masu isa, buɗe ƙasa. Ba da fifiko ga amfani da shi don bincike na farko da gano abubuwan da ake nufi don ƙarin cikakken bincike.
2. Ga Masu Bincike: Gaba shine haɗuwa. Mataki na gaba na hankali shine haɗa wannan bayanan vector na tushen ƙasa tare da bayanan raster na jirgin mara matuki ko tauraron dan adam (misali, ta amfani da AI don cire fasali kamar yadda aka gani a cikin Ghorbanzadeh et al., 2022). Yi amfani da madaidaicin maki na GPS-laser a matsayin bayanan horo ko tabbatarwa ga samfuran koyon injin da aka yi amfani da su ga hotuna masu faɗi.
3. Ga Masu Haɓakawa: Gina sigar mai arha, ta app ta amfani da na'urori na wayar hannu (LiDAR akan sabbin iPhones, sassan GPS na RTK) da sarrafa gajimare. Kaɗaita ikon.

A zahiri, Santangelo et al. sun ba da ƙa'idodi masu mahimmanci, ko da yake sun ɗan tsufa, don takamaiman tsarin aikin fili. Babban gadonsa ya kamata ya zama ƙarfafa mafi arha, haɗin kai, da mafita masu taimakon AI don yin taswirar haɗarin ƙasa.

8. Fatan Aikace-aikace & Hanyoyin Gaba

• Haɗuwa da Jiragen Marasa Matuki (Drones): Tsarin laser/GPS yana da kyau don tabbatar da gaskiya da tabbatar da taswirorin zazzagewar ƙasa da aka ƙirƙira daga photogrammetry na jirgin mara matuki ko LiDAR. Mai aikin zai iya auna daidai abubuwan da aka gano a cikin hotunan jirgin mara matuki daga nesa.
• Kimanta Saurin Haɗari Da Yawa: Ana iya daidaita hanyar don saurin yin taswirar wasu haɗurorin ƙasa bayan abin da ya faru, kamar wuraren samuwar dutsen, tabo na lalacewar ambaliya, ko yin taswirar dutsen da ya karye bayan girgizar ƙasa.
• Kimiyyar Jama'a & Tattara Jama'a: Sauƙaƙa, sigogin app na wannan kayan aiki zai iya ba wa horar da ma'aikatan gida ko masana kimiyyar jama'a damar ba da gudummawar bayanan yanki mai tsari game da abubuwan da suka faru na zazzagewar ƙasa, faɗaɗa hanyoyin sadarwar sa ido.
• Musanya Gani na Ƙari (AR): Tsarin gaba na iya amfani da tabarau na AR don rufe bayanan GIS da kayan aikin aunawa kai tsaye a kan filin gani, yana sauƙaƙa tsarin yin taswira.
• Gane Fasali Mai Ƙarfin AI: Haɗa tsarin tare da binciken hoto cikin sauri na AI zai iya taimaka wa atomatik ba da shawara da rarraba abubuwan zazzagewar ƙasa ta hanyar mai duba na binocular, yana rage son rai na mai aiki da lokacin horo.

9. Nassoshi

1. Santangelo, M., Cardinali, M., Rossi, M., Mondini, A. C., & Guzzetti, F. (2010). Remote landslide mapping using a laser rangefinder binocular and GPS. Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences, 10(12), 2539–2546. https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-10-2539-2010
2. Guzzetti, F., Mondini, A. C., Cardinali, M., Fiorucci, F., Santangelo, M., & Chang, K. T. (2012). Landslide inventory maps: New tools for an old problem. Earth-Science Reviews, 112(1-2), 42–66.
3. Ghorbanzadeh, O., Blaschke, T., Gholamnia, K., & Aryal, J. (2022). Landslide mapping using deep learning and object-based image analysis. Scientific Reports, 12, 3042.
4. USGS Landslide Hazards Program. (n.d.). Landslide Mapping and Monitoring. Retrieved from https://www.usgs.gov/natural-hazards/landslide-hazards/science
5. Martha, T. R., Kerle, N., Jetten, V., van Westen, C. J., & Kumar, K. V. (2010). Characterising spectral, spatial and morphometric properties of landslides for semi-automatic detection using object-oriented methods. Geomorphology, 116(1-2), 24–36.