Yin Taswirar Zazzagewar Ƙasa Daga Nesa Ta Amfani da Binocular Mai Auna Nisa da Laser da GPS

Table of Contents

1. Gabatarwa & Bayyani

Wannan takarda tana nazarin takarda bincike mai suna "Yin taswirar zazzagewar ƙasa daga nesa ta amfani da binocular mai auna nisa da laser da GPS" da aka buga a cikin Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences (2010). Binciken ya binciki ingancin sabon tsarin da ke da tushe a fili don saurin yin taswirar zazzagewar ƙasa da ruwan sama ya haifar kwanan nan. Babban kalubalen da aka magance shi ne yadda ake ɗaukar lokaci, tsada, da kuma haɗarin da ke tattare da hanyoyin gargajiya na ƙididdige zazzagewar ƙasa. Marubutan sun ba da shawara kuma suka gwada tsarin da ya haɗa binocular mai auna nisa da laser mai madaidaicin aunawa (Vectronix VECTOR IV), mai karɓar GPS (Leica ATX1230 GG), da kuma kwamfutar hannu mai ƙarfi (Rugged Tablet PC) mai gudanar da software na GIS (ESRI ArcGIS). An gudanar da gwajin a yankin Monte Castello di Vibio, Umbria, Italiya ta Tsakiya, inda aka kwatanta sakamakon tsarin daga nesa da hanyoyin gargajiya na leƙo da ido da kuma tafiya da GPS a kewayen iyakokin zazzagewar ƙasa.

2. Hanyoyi & Bayanin Tsarin

Hanyar tana taƙaita ne akan gwajin fili na kwatankwacin da aka tsara don tabbatar da tsarin taswirar daga nesa a kan hanyoyin da aka kafa.

2.1. Kayan Aiki

Tsarin haɗin ya ƙunshi muhimman sassa guda uku:

• Binocular Mai Auna Nisa da Laser (Vectronix VECTOR IV): An yi amfani da shi don auna nisa da kusurwar azimuth daga nesa zuwa siffofin zazzagewar ƙasa (wuraren iyaka, raƙuman ruwa). Yana ba da madaidaicin aunawa na kusurwa da nisa, wanda ke da mahimmanci don tantance wuraren da ba a sami damar shiga jikinsu ba.
• Mai Karɓar GPS (Leica Geosystems ATX1230 GG): Mai karɓar GPS/GLONASS mai madaidaicin aunawa, mai mitoci biyu. Yana ba da madaidaicin ma'auni na yanki (latitude, longitude, tsayi) na wurin mai kallo, wanda ke zama tushen duk ma'aunin daga nesa.
• Kwamfutar Hannu Mai Ƙarfi & Software: Kwamfutar hannu Xplore Technologies iX104C4 ta gudanar da ESRI's ArcGIS 9.3.1 tare da Leica Mobilematrix. Wannan dandamali na haɗin ya ba da damar ɗaukar bayanai a cikin ainihin lokaci, ganin taswirar tushe (taswira, hotunan sama), da kuma ƙirƙirar polygon nan take don iyakokin zazzagewar ƙasa.

Aikin ya ƙunshi tsayawa a wuri mai aminci da kyalli, amfani da GPS don shigar da wurin mai kallo, sannan a yi amfani da binocular don auna nisa da alkiblar zuwa wurare da yawa waɗanda ke bayyana iyakokin zazzagewar ƙasa. Software ɗin ya lissafta ma'auni na waɗannan wuraren da aka yi niyya kuma ya sauƙaƙe ƙirƙirar polygon akan allo.

2.2. Yankin Bincike & Hanyar Gwaji

An gudanar da gwajin a wani yanki mai kusan 21 km² na tsaunuka a Italiya ta Tsakiya, wanda ke ƙarƙashin duwatsu na Tertiary zuwa na zamani, wanda aka sani da yawan zazzagewar ƙasa. An sake yin taswira ga zazzagewar ƙasa goma sha uku da aka yi taswira a baya ta amfani da tsarin daga nesa. Don kwatankwacin ma'auni, an kuma yi taswira ga zazzagewar ƙasa huɗu ta hanyar tafiya da mai karɓar GPS a kewayen iyakokinsu—wata hanya da ake ɗauka cewa ta fi daidaito amma tana da jinkiri kuma tana iya zama mai haɗari. Duk sakamakon an kwatanta su da taswirar leƙo da ido ta farko.

3. Sakamako & Bincike

Binciken ya gabatar da sakamako na inganci da na kwatankwacin akan daidaito da ingantacciyar aiki.

3.1. Daidaiton Taswira Kwatankwacin

Babban binciken shine cewa bayanan yanki (wurin zazzagewar ƙasa, siffar iyaka, yanki) da aka samu daga nesa sun yi kama da waɗanda aka samu ta hanyar tafiya da GPS a kewayen iyaka. Duk hanyoyin biyu an ɗauke su sun fi taswirar leƙo da ido ta farko, wadda mai yiwuwa ta sha wahala daga kurakurai na ƙididdigewa da rashin madaidaicin rajistar ma'auni. Wannan yana nuna cewa tsarin daga nesa zai iya cimma babban matakin daidaiton lissafi ba tare da buƙatar shiga kai tsaye cikin ƙasa mara ƙarfi ba.

3.2. Ingantacciyar Aiki & Amfani

Duk da yake ba a ƙididdige su a fili da ma'aunin lokaci ba, takardar tana nuna ƙarfi cewa an sami gagarumin riba a cikin ingantacciyar aiki da aminci a fili. Yin taswira daga nesa yana kawar da buƙatar ƙetare ƙasa mai tsauri, mara ƙarfi, ko mai haɗari. Hakanan yana haɓaka tsarin ta hanyar barin mai kallo ya yi taswira ga zazzagewar ƙasa da yawa daga wuri guda mai kyalli. Tsarin yana ba da damar saurin samar da polygon na zazzagewar ƙasa da aka tantance yanki kai tsaye cikin bayanan GIS a fili, yana rage lokacin sarrafa bayanai.

4. Cikakkun Bayanai na Fasaha & Tsarin Lissafi

Babban lissafin yanki ya ƙunshi canza ma'auni na dangi (nisa, alkibla) daga sanannen wuri zuwa madaidaicin ma'auni na yanki. Idan aka yi la'akari da ma'aunin mai kallo da GPS ya samo $(X_o, Y_o, Z_o)$ a cikin tsarin Cartesian (misali, UTM), ana lissafta ma'auni $(X_t, Y_t, Z_t)$ na wurin zazzagewar ƙasa da aka yi niyya ta amfani da canjin ma'auni na polar 3D, la'akari da nisa mai gangarewa ($d$), azimuth ($\alpha$), da kusurwar tsaye ($\theta$) da mai auna nisa ya auna, da kuma tsayin mai kallo sama da ellipsoid.

$\Delta X = d \cdot \sin(\theta) \cdot \cos(\alpha)$
$\Delta Y = d \cdot \sin(\theta) \cdot \sin(\alpha)$
$\Delta Z = d \cdot \cos(\theta) + (\text{gyaran tsayin mai kallo})$
$X_t = X_o + \Delta X$
$Y_t = Y_o + \Delta Y$
$Z_t = Z_o + \Delta Z$

Daidaiton tsarin aiki ne na: Kuskuren matsayi na GPS ($\sigma_{GPS}$), kuskuren nisa na mai auna nisa ($\sigma_d$), da kuskuren aunawa na kusurwa ($\sigma_{\alpha}, \sigma_{\theta}$). Jimlar kuskuren yana yaɗuwa kamar haka: $\sigma_{total} \approx \sqrt{\sigma_{GPS}^2 + (\sin(\theta)\sigma_d)^2 + (d \cdot \sigma_{\alpha})^2 + ...}$. Kayan aiki masu inganci kamar Leica ATX1230 GG (madaidaicin aunawa na santimita a yanayin RTK) da VECTOR IV (kuskuren nisa ƙasa da mita) suna rage $\sigma_{total}$.

5. Sakamakon Gwaji & Bayanin Chati

Takardar ta ƙunshi hoto na ra'ayi (Hoto na 1) wanda ke kwatanta manyan kayan aiki guda uku: binocular na VECTOR IV, mai karɓar GPS na Leica, da Kwamfutar Hannu Mai Ƙarfi. Duk da yake takardar ba ta ƙunshi chati na kwatankwacin ƙididdigewa ba (misali, shafukan kuskure na bambance-bambancen yanki), sakamakon rubutu ya bayyana cewa an tabbatar da inganci. Ana iya ganin sakamakon a matsayin saitin polygon na zazzagewar ƙasa guda uku da suka mamaye juna a kowane wurin gwaji: ɗaya daga hanyar daga nesa, ɗaya daga hanyar tafiya da GPS a kewayen iyaka, da ɗaya daga taswirar leƙo da ido ta farko. Polygon na daga nesa da na tafiya a kewayen iyaka za su nuna cikakkiyar yarda ta sararin samaniya, yayin da polygon na taswirar leƙo da ido zai iya nuna babban bambanci a matsayi da kuma murɗa siffa.

6. Tsarin Bincike: Misalin Lamari

Yanayi: Saurin ƙididdige zazzagewar ƙasa bayan babban guguwa a yankin tsaunuka da ke da ƙarancin hanyar shiga da kuma ci gaba da rashin kwanciyar hankali na gangare.
Aikace-aikacen Tsarin:

1. Tsarawa: Gano wurare masu aminci da kyalli (tuddai, gangaren kwari masu gaba) waɗanda ke da layukan gani masu kyalli zuwa yankuna da ake zargin suna da zazzagewar ƙasa da yawa ta amfani da hotunan tauraron dan adam ko na sama kafin abin ya faru.
2. Tattara Bayanai: A kowane wuri mai kyalli, kafa madaidaicin matsayi na GPS. Yi binciken ƙasa cikin tsari tare da binocular na laser. Ga kowane zazzagewar ƙasa da aka gano, auna maki 5-10 masu mahimmanci waɗanda ke bayyana babban raƙuman ruwa, gefuna, da ƙafar ƙasa. Ana shigar da bayanan sifa (nau'i, amincewa) akan kwamfutar hannu.
3. Haɗawa & QA: A fili, sake duba polygon ɗin da aka ƙirƙira a kan taswirar tushe. Duba don dacewar lissafi. Komawa ofis, haɗa polygon ɗin da aka yi taswira a fili tare da wasu hanyoyin samun bayanai (misali, sarrafa canjin hoto ta atomatik ta InSAR ko na gani kamar yadda aka duba a cikin ayyuka kamar Wasowski & Bovenga, 2014) don cikakken ƙididdigewa.

Wannan tsarin yana ba da fifiko ga sauri, aminci, da ƙirƙirar bayanan GIS da za a iya amfani da su nan take.

7. Aikace-aikace na Gaba & Hanyoyin Ci Gaba

Fasaha da hanyoyin suna da hanyoyi masu bayyananniyar juyin halitta:

• Haɗawa da UAVs (Jiragen Marasa Matuki): Sanya mai sikan laser ko LiDAR akan UAV zai iya sarrafa "wurin kyalli" na samun bayanai, ƙirƙirar ƙirar 3D mai madaidaicin aunawa na gangare daga inda za a iya yin taswirar zazzagewar ƙasa daga nesa a ofis, haɗa hanyoyin fili da na binciken nesa (Giordan et al., 2018).
• Haɗin Bayanai na Ainihin Lokaci: Haɗa GPS na ainihin lokaci kinematic (RTK), na'urorin auna motsi (IMUs), da mai auna nisa cikin ƙarin ingantaccen na'ura mai saka hannun jari ko hannu zai iya inganta amfani da sauri.
• Gano Siffa Taimakon AI: Software na kwamfutar hannu na gaba zai iya haɗa ƙirar koyon injina da aka horar don gane siffofin zazzagewar ƙasa a cikin watsa bidiyo kai tsaye daga mai auna nisa na dijital, yana sa mai aiki ya auna takamaiman wurare.
• Fadada Taswirar Yanayin Ƙasa: Tsarin bai iyakance ga zazzagewar ƙasa ba. Ana iya daidaita shi don yin taswira ga wasu siffofi kamar zaizayar bankin kogi, raƙuman ruwa na kuskure, ko moraines na glacial, yana haɓaka binciken yanayin ƙasa a fili.
• Kimiyyar Jama'a & Saurin Amsa: Za a iya tura sauƙaƙaƙƙun nau'ikan wannan fasaha masu tsada don horar da ƙungiyoyin amsa cikin sauri ko ma ma'aikatan gandun daji don ba da gudummawar bayanai ga manyan bayanan haɗari.

8. Nassoshi

1. Santangelo, M., Cardinali, M., Rossi, M., Mondini, A. C., & Guzzetti, F. (2010). Remote landslide mapping using a laser rangefinder binocular and GPS. Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences, 10(12), 2539–2546.
2. Guzzetti, F., Cardinali, M., Reichenbach, P., & Carrara, A. (2000). Comparing landslide maps: A case study in the upper Tiber River Basin, central Italy. Environmental Management, 25(3), 247–263.
3. Wasowski, J., & Bovenga, F. (2014). Investigating landslides and unstable slopes with satellite Multi Temporal Interferometry: Current issues and future perspectives. Engineering Geology, 174, 103–138.
4. Giordan, D., Hayakawa, Y., Nex, F., Remondino, F., & Tarolli, P. (2018). Review article: the use of remotely piloted aircraft systems (RPAS) for natural hazards monitoring and management. Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences, 18(4), 1079–1096.
5. Ardizzone, F., Cardinali, M., Galli, M., Guzzetti, F., & Reichenbach, P. (2007). Identification and mapping of recent rainfall-induced landslides using elevation data collected by airborne Lidar. Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences, 7(6), 637–650.

9. Binciken Kwararru & Nazari Mai Tsauri

Babban Fahimta: Wannan takarda ta 2010 wata takarda ce mai amfani, mai motsa jiki ta tabbatar da ra'ayi wacce ta yi nasarar haɗa babban gibi tsakanin binciken gargajiya na ƙasa da cikakken fassarar hoto na ofis daga nesa. Hazakarta ba ta cikin sabon algorithm ba, amma a cikin kyakkyawan haɗin aiki na fasahohi masu cikakken girma, masu madaidaicin aunawa (masu auna nisa na soja, GPS na bincike, GIS na wayar hannu) cikin tsarin aiki wanda ke magance ainihin matsalolin kimiyyar ƙasa bayan bala'i: lokaci, aminci, da amfani da bayanai.

Kwararren Tsari: Hankalin marubutan yana da amfani sosai. Sun fara ne daga gaskiyar da aka kafa, mai raɗaɗi cewa yin taswirar zazzagewar ƙasa "mai wahala, yana ɗaukar lokaci, kuma yana da kurakurai." Sannan suka tambaya: shin za mu iya samun daidaiton binciken kai tsaye ba tare da haɗari da jinkiri ba? Maganinsu shine kyakkyawan haɗin kai na iyawa: GPS yana ba da "nan," binocular ɗin laser yana auna "can," kuma GIS na wayar hannu nan take yana haɗa "nan + can" cikin siffa mai yiwuwar taswira. Tabbatar da hanyar tafiya da GPS a kewayen iyaka shine muhimmin mataki, mai gamsarwa—yana nuna cewa sake gina lissafi daga nesa ba kawai mai yuwuwa ba ne, amma yana kwatankwacin ma'auni da ma'aunin gaskiya na ƙasa.

Ƙarfi & Kurakurai: Babban ƙarfinsa shine ingancin aiki da aka nuna a cikin yanayin duniya na gaske. Kayan aiki ne da a fili yake aiki. Duk da haka, idan aka duba ta fuskar 2024, binciken yana da iyakoki na asali. Girman samfurin (zazzagewar ƙasa 13) ƙanƙane ne don ingantaccen bincike na ƙididdiga. Takardar ba ta da ma'auni na ƙididdiga na kuskure (misali, matsakaicin bambancin yanki, RMSE na matsayi), ta dogara da kimantawa na inganci "kwatankwacin"—wata dama da aka rasa don ƙarin shaida. Bugu da ƙari, aikin tsarin yana da iyaka ta yanayi (ruwan sama, hazo), rufe ciyayi (toshewar layin gani), da buƙatar fassarar ƙwararru don gano zazzagewar ƙasa. Ba ya sarrafa gano kai tsaye; yana sarrafa aunawa na abin da ƙwararren ya riga ya gane da ido. Idan aka kwatanta da hanyoyin atomatik na zamani ta amfani da koyon zurfi akan hotunan tauraron dan adam (kamar yadda ake gani a cikin ayyuka daga shirin ARIA na NASA ko Phi-lab na ESA), wannan tsari ne na hannu, ko da yake an inganta shi.

Fahimta Mai Aiki: Ga masu aiki a yau, gadon wannan takarda shine falsafar haɗin tsarin. Takamaiman kayan aikin yanzu sun tsufa, amma tsarin aikin ya fi dacewa fiye da kowane lokaci. Fahimtar da za a iya aiwatarwa ita ce gina bisa wannan tsarin haɗin kai. Tsarin na gaba ya kamata ya haɗa: 1) Gajimaren maki 3D da UAV ya samo a ainihin lokaci (maye gurbin wurin kyalli mai ƙarfi), 2) AI akan na'ura don haskaka siffa na wucin gadi (misali, haskaka raƙuman ruwa masu yuwuwa a cikin gajimaren maki akan kwamfutar hannu a fili), da 3) Bayanan gajimare masu daidaitawa don haɗin gwiwar ƙungiya nan take. Manufar ta canza daga "yin taswira daga nesa daga wani tudu" zuwa "gudanar da binciken fili na haɗin gwiwa, gauraye na gaskiya" inda za a haɗa yadudduka na bayanai na zahiri da na zahiri cikin sauƙi. Wannan binciken na 2010 ya kasance babban mataki mai mahimmanci, yana tabbatar da cewa haɓaka masanin kimiyyar ƙasa a fili tare da madaidaicin aunawa daga nesa dabar ce mai ƙarfi—wanda ya kamata yanzu ya rikide zuwa cikakkiyar aikin fili da aka haɓaka ta dijital.